A day or more is ideal, but even a break of30 minutes helps. Read your writing aloud. Reading your work aloud, even if you are just mumbling it to yourself, does two things. It helps you to read your work more carefully and slowly, and it helps you to catch more errors. Read your paper backward. Start proofreading your wrlting with the last sentence.
Then read tbe second to last sentence, the third to last, and so on. This technique can help you to find more grammatical errors. Cover y our work. With another piece of paper, cover up everything except the line that you are reading.
This method may help you to focus more closely on each line. Pretend that you are someone else. Read your paper as a reader, not as a writer. Reading your work through the eyes of the reader will help you to identify phrases or sentences that might be unclear. One way to do this even more effectively is to read your paper after you have taken a break from it for two or three days or longer. You will be amazed at how many words, ideas, and sentences you will want to change.
For more tips on editing your writing, see the Brief Writer's Handbook with Activities, pages An essay, on the other hand, always has a title. The title of a work should be short.
The title should describe the contents of the whole work. All important words including the first word should be capitalized. Study the titles of the paragraphs in Units 1, 2, and 3 to learn about effective titles. If necessary, use a dictionary to check the mearung of words you do not know. Do not choose the sentence that you already developed into a paragraph in Unit 1, Activity 16, page FoUow these guidelines: o Include the four features of a well-written paragraph from page 28 in Unit 1.
Underline these words and phrases ill your paragraph. If you need ideas for words and phrases, see the Useful Vocabulary for Better Writing on pages Exchange books with a partner and look at Activity Be sure to offer suggestions and comments that will help your partner improve hjs or her writing. Tips for Peer Editing Follow these tips for effective peer editing. Do not write general comments such as "This is bad" or "You don't make any sense.
Additional Topics for Writing Here are some ideas for paragraphs. When you write, follow the guidelines in Activity Write a paragraph describing how to build or create something. Write a paragraph classifying the main types of these programs. Describe the different parts of this learning experience. These four styles represent common types of writing. Each type of paragraph differs from the others in its form and purpose. Good writers know the various forms and are prepared to write about different topics for different purposes.
As you study these four types of paragraphs, pay special attention to the characteristics, or features, of each type. Descriptive Paragraphs Purpose: A descriptive paragraph gives the reader a visual picture of the topic. It gives a point of view about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds.
The writer's goal is to involve readers so that they can experience the idea or event through the text. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
Have you ever seen an environment that has been destroyed? In my entire life, I have never witnessed an environmental disaster like the disappearing South Aral Sea, in Central Asia. As I drove on the desolate road, away from the spine-chilling town of desolate: isolated, deserted Moynaq and toward the sea, I felt a deep, lingering sadness.
This area lingering: remaining; was once home to a large and bustling fishing community. During the persistent. There was no greenery anywhere. The only things I could see on the horizon were the old abandoned ships sitting on the dry sea floor. I stared at the rusted and dilapidated structures for what felt like hours. I do not know how dilapidated: rundown, decaying long they had been there, but the sight of them filled me with sorrow.
How could a place that once thrived on fishing and other seafaring to thrive: to flourish, prosper activities become so dry? My guide told me that I would have to walk dozens of kilometers on the cracked soil to eventually see the blue water that used to flow to where I was standing.
I breathed deeply and tasted the salty remnants of the ocean. The environmental disaster of the a remnant: a leftover; small remaining piece South Aral Sea will stay with me foreve r.
What is the topic of this paragraph? What features of a descriptive paragraph do you see in this paragraph? Put a check mark v next to each feature you found in the paragraph and then explain your answer. Use of the Pronoun I in Academic Writing In general, good writers do not use the pronoun I in formal academic writing, unless the writing is about a personal experience.
When the writer appears in the writing, such as in Paragraph 15, there is no other way to express I except with the word I. Always consult your teacher before you use I in other kinds of academic writing.
Remember to use words that appeal to the five senses. First, choose a topic and then brainstorm ideas for that topic. Person first, second, or third : - -- - -. Supporting details two to four : - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - -.
There is a sample in the Appendix 2. Answer the questions that follow. On the surface, writers and ballerinas seem to have nothing in common. In reality, the qualities of a good writer mirror the qualities to mirror: to resemble. One such quality is motivation. Good writers are motivated to learn new and better ways of telling a story, just as ballerinas try to learn many new and better ways of performing certain movements.
Another similarity between the two is the importance of dedication. Good writers spend hours each day developing their language skills to enhance their writing. Likewise, good ballerinas to enhance: to improve. Finally, people in both professions hope to accuracy: correctness, exactness entertain their audience. Writers choose their themes and language with endurance: stamina, their audience in mind, and ballerinas consider which movements and ability to continue.
In sum, few people realize that writers and ballerinas share these common traits. Underline the topic sentence. Hint: It is not the first sentence. What is the writer's purpose in writing this paragraph? Write what you think the writer's purpose statement was. What features of a comparison paragraph do you see in this paragraph?
Put a check mark v' next to each feature you fow1d and then explain your answer. Which use of a comparison paragraph did the writer choose? Put a check mark. Here are some topics to choose from , or you can come up with your own topic:.
There is a sample in Appendix 2. Grammar for Writing Subject-Verb Agreement When writing, it is important that the verbs agree with the subjects. Notice the subject-verb agreement rules for the simple present. I The main product of Brazil and Colombia is coffee.
Tip: A prepositional phrase consists of a X The main products of Brazil is coffee and aluminum. The object of a preposition is not the subject of the sentence.
Use the third person singular. Tip: The noun after there is or there are is the There is a dictionary on the table. There are three reasons for my decision. Pronouns with every-, some-, or any- are Everyone has an accent of some kind. Nouns with each or every are Every student needs a book and a workbook.
Here are four sentences with errors in subject-verb agreement. Can you identify the mistake in each one and correct it? People say that the airlli1e industry is in trouble and airlines face many economic problems, but all of the flights on my recent vacation trip was full.
Find the three errors in subject-verb agreement. Underline the errors and write the corrections above them. In many countries around the world, fireworks are used to commemorate special occasions.
Mexicans celebrates Independence Day on September 16th with parades, fairs, fireworks, and rodeos. In Japan, the Sumidagawa Fireworks Festival is a year-old competition among rival pyrotechnic groups. It takes place on the last Saturday in July. On December 31st, many countries celebrates the "ringing in of the new year" with large fireworks displays.
People across the world uses spectacular fireworks in a variety of ways. Grammar for Writing Word Forms One word may have several forms, depending on whether it is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. For example, move is a verb, and movement is a noun. Not all words have all four of these forms.
It contains seven errors in word forms. Underline each error and write the correct form above it. I am absolute convinced that textbooks are outdated and unnecessary in academy environments. With the technological available today, such as iPads, lightweight laptops, and smartphones, I am shocked that universities and other institutions have not embraced the shift to ebooks.
They are portability, environmental friendly, and cost effective. A backpack can hold three or four heavily textbooks, but my tablet container thousands of titles. It is time for educational institutions to move away from the old-fashioned system of textbook usage and move on to ebooks.
Ca use-Effect Pa ragraphs P u rpose: A cause-effect paragraph explains the reasons that a certain action or event occurs or the results, effects, or consequences of an action.
Key Features: The most common cause-effect paragraphs follow one of the two patterns below:. University administrators call it "retention:' and it refers to the number of students who choose to stay in college. The truth is, no matter how much these administrators focus on keeping them in school7 there are always reasons for students to drop out.
One of the most common reasons is financial. Universities, especially private ones, must charge exorbitant fees to keep their doors open, exorbitant: very expensive and some students do not have the means to continue their studies.
They were not prepared fOJ all the the rigors: strictness; severfty studying involved in maintaining good grades and end up leaving the demanding: difficult; challenging wuversity after a short time. Finally, there are those students who suffer the personal pressures of being university students. These individuals are away from home for the ftrst time and living with strangers. They cannot cope with the absence offamily just yet, so they decide to go back to the nest Whatever the reasons, it is no joke that "retention" numbers are not as healthy as they may appear on the surface.
Circle the controlling idea. What do you think the writer's purpose statement was? Write it here. What features of a cause-effect paragraph do you see in this paragraph? Use at least two vocabulary words or phrases that you have learned in this book. Here are some topics to choose from, or you can come up with your own topic:. Person first, second, or third Topic sentence with a controlling idea: If you need ideas for words and phrases, see the Useful Vocabulary for Better W riting on pages Classification Paragraphs Purpose: A classification paragraph separates ideas into specific categories.
NOTE: There is often more than one way to classify a group of items. In a classification paragraph, the controlling idea tells the basis of the writer's categorization, such as by physical characteristics, function, or type of the items that are being classified. Answer the questions. In the world of track and field, there are three different types of runners: sprinters, middle-distance runners, and distance runners.
Sprinters run the shortest distances, and the races may only last a few seconds. Sprinters are generally characterized by fast, explosive muscles. These runners are typically extremely muscular. The second type of runner, the middle-distance runner, runs longer races, such as the quarter- mile dash or the meter nm. A good middle-distance runner must be versatile; he or she must possess a combination of speed and endurance.
Physically speaking, a distance runner is on the other end of the spectrum from a sprinter. He or she typically has a thin, lean muscle tone and runs races that are lean: having very little fat. Distance runners are usually small and light.
Because their races are longer and take more time to complete, distance runners need to be mentally strong so that they can put forth their best performance over the duration of the race. Because of the t he duration: the length of time variations, almost anyone can fit into one of the three running categories. What features of a classification paragraph do you see in this paragraph? Audience: 3. Person first, second, or third - -.
Topic sentence with a controlling idea - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - Remembering the Purpose of Your Paragraph Before you begin writing, be sure you remember what the focus of your paragraph is. Reread your topic sentence. If the purpose is not clear in the topic sentence, change it so that your readers will know what to expect in the paragraph.
See pages for a complete list. Then choose your topic. Be sure to offer suggestions and comments that vrill help your partner improve his or her writing. Write about learning something new outside of the classroom. It can be man-made or natural. How have they changed? What do you focus on now that you did not when you were a child?
Take out a piece of paper. Read the paragraph guidelines and the writing prompt. Brainstorm ideas for five minutes. Write a short paragraph six to ten sentences. We learned that a paragraph is a group of thoughts about one idea that includes a main subject and a controlling idea. An essay is very similar to a paragraph in its organization and order, but an essay includes more information about a topic. In an essay, each main point is presented in an individual paragraph. This means that more examples, explanations, and details can be written about specific points of development.
The following chart shows the relationship between the parts of a paragraph and the parts of an essay. What do you imagine you would see regularly if you worked in a restaurant? I waJk into the restaurant's dining room and take in all the to take in: to observe. At from all walks of life: all different types of one table, I can see a group of four young women. At the table just to the tight of these women sits a yotmg heartily: deeply.
She is nervously playing with the diamond ring on her left hand. Are they arguing? They look happy to be heTe. In the far right corner of the restaurant, a middle-aged man is sitting alone. I can smell his top-of-the-line cologne whenever 1pass by as I head to the kitchen. His state-of-the-art cell to head to: to move in phone has not left his ear since he came in. This is my job. I take food the direction of.
My job might not be the most socially rewarding job in the world, but every night I learn something new about the nuances of a nuance: very small or hardly noticeable human interaction, and that makes me happy. Thesis statement You know that the key sentence in a paragraph is caJJed a topic sentence. In an essay, a similar key sentence is called the thesis statement. The thesis statement gives the reader a clear idea of what the essay will discuss. The thesis statement is usually the last sentence in the introduction.
A hook is found on the end of a fishing pole and is used to catch fish. Jn writing, a hook is a sentence or sentences that catch the reader's attention at the beginning of the essay. Good writers use hooks to get the reader «hooked" in the first paragraph of an essay.
The hook gives the reader a reason to keep reading the essay. Hooks can be questions, quotes, descriptions, or other interesting pieces of information that attract the reader. On any given weekend, young people get together fo r an evening of fun. Friends gather to go to the movies, to a local meeting place, t o gather: to meet or to a trendy restaurant.
These are normal activities, but not for me. While my friends are socializing at get-togethers or in t rendy: popular and In restaurants, I work in the dining room of a popular eating place. It is style p. At one table, I can see a group of four young women. They are a11 laughing heartily. The thinnest one has just finished telling a joke. These women are wearing brightly colored career outfits; they probably dedded to go out directly after work.
It is, in fact, a Friday night. At the table just to the right of these women sits a couple. They are h un ched forward, and hunched: bent forward their faces are tense.
Perhaps they do not want others in the restaurant tense: rigid, serious to hear what they are talking about. The man is holding his cup tightly. The woman anxiously begins to tear her napkin into tiny pieces. I am anxiously: nervously, in glad that I cannot hear what they are saying; their body language speaks a worried manner more loudly than any words that I could ever hear. Five men in their thirties and forties are sitting around a table directly in front of a large tropical plant.
They look happy to be here. They are talking and laughing. One guy whispers something to the guy next to him, and to whisper: to speak the other three insist that these two reveal what they are whispering softly about. The oldest guy is elegantly dressed in a cashmere sweater. The cashmere: a soft, other four are wearing long-sleeved shirts. Because all five of them are expensive type of wearing ties, they must have just come from the office.
Every now and wool then, one of them will touch the table a few times as he is speaking, perhaps to emphasize a particular point. To me, it appears that they are having a very lively discussion, and each of them cannot wait to jump in to offer something to the conversation.
I can smell his top-of-the-line cologne whenever I pass by to alternate: to switch as I head to the kitchen. Although he is alone, he is definitely not lonely. I cannot tell whether his phone call is business or pleasure because he lighthearted: happy, alternates from serious tones to lighthearted chuckles. Every once in a not serious while, he asks his server to refresh his cup of coffee.
He adds sugar and a chuckle: a small stirs his coffee rather loudly, but the noisy clinking of the spoon against laugh his coffee cup is drowned out by the music that is being played. I take food orders and watch people, from two objects, such couples fighting to people having a good time talking. I do not pretend as glasses, hit each to be a psychologist, but it is interesting to watch people interact. My other job might not be the most socially rewarding job in the world, but every to drown out: to night I learn something new about the nuances of human interaction.
Find the sentence in Paragraph 1 that is similar to the topic sentence of "Scenes from a Restaurant" Paragraph In the introduction Paragraph 1 , what is the hook what gives the reader a reason to keep reading? The writer uses many adjectives to give dear descriptions. Find the adjectives that describe these nouns:. Reread the conclusion Paragraph 5. How does the writer connect the conclusion of the essay to the introduction hook of the essay?
Out lining a Descriptive Essay Working with an outline after you have read an essay helps you to understand the essay's structure. Body Paragraph I Paragraph 2 topic sentence: In the left corner of the restaurant are. Four young women. Married or engaged 1- 2. Woman is. Body Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 topic sentence: In the center of the dining room, things.
My reaction to them. Conclusion Paragraph 5. Good writers use words that appeal to the five senses: sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell. By using these senses, the writer shows rather than tells the ideas in the essay. Compare these examples:. Poor: The boy entered the room.
Here are four sentences with errors in subject-verb agreement. Can you identify the mistake in each one and correct it? People say that the airlli1e industry is in trouble and airlines face many economic problems, but all of the flights on my recent vacation trip was full. Find the three errors in subject-verb agreement. Underline the errors and write the corrections above them. In many countries around the world, fireworks are used to commemorate special occasions.
Mexicans celebrates Independence Day on September 16th with parades, fairs, fireworks, and rodeos. In Japan, the Sumidagawa Fireworks Festival is a year-old competition among rival pyrotechnic groups. It takes place on the last Saturday in July. On December 31st, many countries celebrates the "ringing in of the new year" with large fireworks displays. People across the world uses spectacular fireworks in a variety of ways.
Grammar for Writing Word Forms One word may have several forms, depending on whether it is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.
For example, move is a verb, and movement is a noun. Not all words have all four of these forms. It contains seven errors in word forms. Underline each error and write the correct form above it. I am absolute convinced that textbooks are outdated and unnecessary in academy environments.
With the technological available today, such as iPads, lightweight laptops, and smartphones, I am shocked that universities and other institutions have not embraced the shift to ebooks. They are portability, environmental friendly, and cost effective.
A backpack can hold three or four heavily textbooks, but my tablet container thousands of titles. It is time for educational institutions to move away from the old-fashioned system of textbook usage and move on to ebooks. Ca use-Effect Pa ragraphs P u rpose: A cause-effect paragraph explains the reasons that a certain action or event occurs or the results, effects, or consequences of an action.
Key Features: The most common cause-effect paragraphs follow one of the two patterns below:. University administrators call it "retention:' and it refers to the number of students who choose to stay in college. The truth is, no matter how much these administrators focus on keeping them in school7 there are always reasons for students to drop out. One of the most common reasons is financial. Universities, especially private ones, must charge exorbitant fees to keep their doors open, exorbitant: very expensive and some students do not have the means to continue their studies.
They were not prepared fOJ all the the rigors: strictness; severfty studying involved in maintaining good grades and end up leaving the demanding: difficult; challenging wuversity after a short time. Finally, there are those students who suffer the personal pressures of being university students. These individuals are away from home for the ftrst time and living with strangers. They cannot cope with the absence offamily just yet, so they decide to go back to the nest Whatever the reasons, it is no joke that "retention" numbers are not as healthy as they may appear on the surface.
Circle the controlling idea. What do you think the writer's purpose statement was? Write it here. What features of a cause-effect paragraph do you see in this paragraph?
Use at least two vocabulary words or phrases that you have learned in this book. Here are some topics to choose from, or you can come up with your own topic:. Person first, second, or third Topic sentence with a controlling idea: If you need ideas for words and phrases, see the Useful Vocabulary for Better W riting on pages Classification Paragraphs Purpose: A classification paragraph separates ideas into specific categories.
NOTE: There is often more than one way to classify a group of items. In a classification paragraph, the controlling idea tells the basis of the writer's categorization, such as by physical characteristics, function, or type of the items that are being classified.
Answer the questions. In the world of track and field, there are three different types of runners: sprinters, middle-distance runners, and distance runners. Sprinters run the shortest distances, and the races may only last a few seconds.
Sprinters are generally characterized by fast, explosive muscles. These runners are typically extremely muscular. The second type of runner, the middle-distance runner, runs longer races, such as the quarter- mile dash or the meter nm. A good middle-distance runner must be versatile; he or she must possess a combination of speed and endurance. Physically speaking, a distance runner is on the other end of the spectrum from a sprinter. He or she typically has a thin, lean muscle tone and runs races that are lean: having very little fat.
Distance runners are usually small and light. Because their races are longer and take more time to complete, distance runners need to be mentally strong so that they can put forth their best performance over the duration of the race. Because of the t he duration: the length of time variations, almost anyone can fit into one of the three running categories.
What features of a classification paragraph do you see in this paragraph? Audience: 3. Person first, second, or third - -. Topic sentence with a controlling idea - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - Remembering the Purpose of Your Paragraph Before you begin writing, be sure you remember what the focus of your paragraph is. Reread your topic sentence. If the purpose is not clear in the topic sentence, change it so that your readers will know what to expect in the paragraph.
See pages for a complete list. Then choose your topic. Be sure to offer suggestions and comments that vrill help your partner improve his or her writing. Write about learning something new outside of the classroom. It can be man-made or natural. How have they changed? What do you focus on now that you did not when you were a child? Take out a piece of paper. Read the paragraph guidelines and the writing prompt. Brainstorm ideas for five minutes. Write a short paragraph six to ten sentences.
We learned that a paragraph is a group of thoughts about one idea that includes a main subject and a controlling idea. An essay is very similar to a paragraph in its organization and order, but an essay includes more information about a topic.
In an essay, each main point is presented in an individual paragraph. This means that more examples, explanations, and details can be written about specific points of development. The following chart shows the relationship between the parts of a paragraph and the parts of an essay. What do you imagine you would see regularly if you worked in a restaurant? I waJk into the restaurant's dining room and take in all the to take in: to observe. At from all walks of life: all different types of one table, I can see a group of four young women.
At the table just to the tight of these women sits a yotmg heartily: deeply. She is nervously playing with the diamond ring on her left hand. Are they arguing? They look happy to be heTe. In the far right corner of the restaurant, a middle-aged man is sitting alone.
I can smell his top-of-the-line cologne whenever 1pass by as I head to the kitchen. His state-of-the-art cell to head to: to move in phone has not left his ear since he came in. This is my job. I take food the direction of. My job might not be the most socially rewarding job in the world, but every night I learn something new about the nuances of a nuance: very small or hardly noticeable human interaction, and that makes me happy.
Thesis statement You know that the key sentence in a paragraph is caJJed a topic sentence. In an essay, a similar key sentence is called the thesis statement. The thesis statement gives the reader a clear idea of what the essay will discuss. The thesis statement is usually the last sentence in the introduction.
A hook is found on the end of a fishing pole and is used to catch fish. Jn writing, a hook is a sentence or sentences that catch the reader's attention at the beginning of the essay. Good writers use hooks to get the reader «hooked" in the first paragraph of an essay.
The hook gives the reader a reason to keep reading the essay. Hooks can be questions, quotes, descriptions, or other interesting pieces of information that attract the reader. On any given weekend, young people get together fo r an evening of fun. Friends gather to go to the movies, to a local meeting place, t o gather: to meet or to a trendy restaurant. These are normal activities, but not for me.
While my friends are socializing at get-togethers or in t rendy: popular and In restaurants, I work in the dining room of a popular eating place. It is style p. At one table, I can see a group of four young women. They are a11 laughing heartily. The thinnest one has just finished telling a joke. These women are wearing brightly colored career outfits; they probably dedded to go out directly after work.
It is, in fact, a Friday night. At the table just to the right of these women sits a couple. They are h un ched forward, and hunched: bent forward their faces are tense. Perhaps they do not want others in the restaurant tense: rigid, serious to hear what they are talking about. The man is holding his cup tightly. The woman anxiously begins to tear her napkin into tiny pieces. I am anxiously: nervously, in glad that I cannot hear what they are saying; their body language speaks a worried manner more loudly than any words that I could ever hear.
Five men in their thirties and forties are sitting around a table directly in front of a large tropical plant. They look happy to be here. They are talking and laughing. One guy whispers something to the guy next to him, and to whisper: to speak the other three insist that these two reveal what they are whispering softly about.
The oldest guy is elegantly dressed in a cashmere sweater. The cashmere: a soft, other four are wearing long-sleeved shirts. Because all five of them are expensive type of wearing ties, they must have just come from the office. Every now and wool then, one of them will touch the table a few times as he is speaking, perhaps to emphasize a particular point. To me, it appears that they are having a very lively discussion, and each of them cannot wait to jump in to offer something to the conversation.
I can smell his top-of-the-line cologne whenever I pass by to alternate: to switch as I head to the kitchen. Although he is alone, he is definitely not lonely. I cannot tell whether his phone call is business or pleasure because he lighthearted: happy, alternates from serious tones to lighthearted chuckles. Every once in a not serious while, he asks his server to refresh his cup of coffee.
He adds sugar and a chuckle: a small stirs his coffee rather loudly, but the noisy clinking of the spoon against laugh his coffee cup is drowned out by the music that is being played. I take food orders and watch people, from two objects, such couples fighting to people having a good time talking. I do not pretend as glasses, hit each to be a psychologist, but it is interesting to watch people interact. My other job might not be the most socially rewarding job in the world, but every to drown out: to night I learn something new about the nuances of human interaction.
Find the sentence in Paragraph 1 that is similar to the topic sentence of "Scenes from a Restaurant" Paragraph In the introduction Paragraph 1 , what is the hook what gives the reader a reason to keep reading? The writer uses many adjectives to give dear descriptions. Find the adjectives that describe these nouns:. Reread the conclusion Paragraph 5. How does the writer connect the conclusion of the essay to the introduction hook of the essay?
Out lining a Descriptive Essay Working with an outline after you have read an essay helps you to understand the essay's structure. Body Paragraph I Paragraph 2 topic sentence: In the left corner of the restaurant are.
Four young women. Married or engaged 1- 2. Woman is. Body Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 topic sentence: In the center of the dining room, things. My reaction to them. Conclusion Paragraph 5.
Good writers use words that appeal to the five senses: sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell. By using these senses, the writer shows rather than tells the ideas in the essay. Compare these examples:. Poor: The boy entered the room.
He was very t ired. Better: The boy entered the room. Poor: His clothing was dirty. Better: First. I saw that his clothing was dirty, but then I noticed that the air around him smelled of sour milk.
Write three adjectives to describe each noun. When you have finished, compare answers with your classmates' answers. Which senses do your adjectives appeal to? For example, if you are describing a room, you can describe what is on the right side, what is on the left side, what is on the ceiling, and what is on the floor. When you tell the location of something, it is important to use the correct preposition of location, followed by a noun.
This noun after a preposition is called the object of the preposition. This preposition and noun combination is called a prepositional phrase e. Common Prepositions of Location above before far from on top of across behind from opposite after below in outside against beneath in back of over ahead of beside in front of past along between inside throughout among beyond near under around by next to at close to on.
Write four original sentences based on what you see. Use prepositions of location from the chart above. In addition, try to use vivid adjectives in your sentences. The eight-hour day trip was to an island called Djerba, off the southern coast of Tunisia. What a wonderful trip it was. We hopped on the old Fiat unassuming: modest and pulled away from the dock. As I looked out my window I noticed that the island had a monopoly on a single type of tree: the palm.
Was I hallucinating? These trees seemed to be waving at me and saying hello: to hallucinate: to see "Welcome to Djerba, traveler! I have seen countless resorts in my life, and I was looking up, squat: short waiting to see the high-rise buildings that I expected would line the breathtaking: coast. Instead I was greeted by low, squat buildings that were shaded by magnificent; these breathtaking palms. What a relief it was to stretch our legs and take a leisurely prevailing: customary; stroll through the town.
I immediately noticed the prevailing colors: ma1n blue and white. At this point I decided to separate myself from the other "cruisers" and meet some of azure: the blue color often seen on a clear the locals.
Besides, I was used to traveling alone, and this guided tour sunny day was starting to bore me. Tslowed my pace until I could not see the tour group anymore. This was the perfect time for me to get to know the an eatery: restaurant locals a bit. I particularly enjoy examining elderly people going about their daily routines. At one point, I stopped and smiled at a tanned, m iddle-aged woman who was balancing a big jug of water on her head.
She and her friend actually stopped walking and allowed me to take a picture with them. By this point I had forgotten all about lunch with m y travel mates. The "water jug" woman, named Kaouther, then invited me to her home for Djerban sweets and tea. How lucky I was, at that exact moment, to take a quick look at my watch and notice the time. I needed to head back to the port to board the cruise ship. Ru mmaging through to rummage: to my bag, I fo und a key chain that I h ad brought from home.
I p resented search through some ltems, looking for it to Kaouther, who then hwnbly gave me a small box of sweets to take something with me. I will continue traveling in the future, but it will be difficult to find a place to t op: to surpass; that tops this one. Effective writers approach an essay as many small pieces of writing that are done step- by-step. Now that you have learned the fundamentals of paragraphs, moving to the essay is easy.
An essay is a collection of paragraphs, organized much like an individual paragraph with an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Now, you will learn how to write an essay step-by step, paragraph-by-paragraph. An essay can have as few as three paragraphs or as n1any as ten or more paragraphs. In this book, you will study a good blueprint for wrWng all kinds of essays: the five-paragraph essay. In other classes, you may have to write a m uch longer essay, but the basic organization of a five-paragraph essay can easily be expanded for any kind of essay that you need to write.
Introduction paragraph: Hook, connecting ideas, thesis statement with points of development. Conclusion paragraph: Restatement of thesis and points of development; suggestion, opinion, or prediction.
As you can see, an essay is a collection of related paragraphs that work together. Regardless of the number of paragraphs, every essay has an introduction, supporting body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Understanding the Writing Process: The Seven Steps The following section will show you the process that many writers follow when they write an essay.
Read and study the seven steps. Then answer the questions that follow. Choose something familiar. It is easier to write about something you know well. It is even better to write about something you care or are excited about. List at least three things that you know well:. Choose something that you are interested in and want to learn about.
For example, if you have an interest in skydiving but have never tried it, you might decide to find information about that topic and then write about it.
Step 2: Brainstorm Brainstorm ideas for your topic. Here are three techniques you can try. Jot down ideas. Write down everything about the topic that comes to mind. Your ideas do not have to be in sentence form.
Do not worry about grammar, spelling, order, or organization. Just transfer ideas directly from your brain to the paper as fast as they come to you. For practice, quickly write down everything you know about superstitions below:. Make a duster diagram. Write down an idea and draw a circle around it. Branching off from that idea, draw lines to related ideas. For an essay about types of horror movies, a cluster diagram might look like the one below. What examples can you think of if you were to write more details in the diagram?
Freewriting is a technique in which a writer writes whatever comes to his or her mind. The idea is to keep writing without stopping. This is a good technique to use when you are having trouble coming up with ideas.
Practice freewriting with this sentence starter:. Step 3: Outline After you have brainstormed ideas for an essay, it is important to be very sure of the purpose of the essay. Are you going to describe something?
Compare two things? Show cause and effect? Argue a point? A common essay error is that the writer gets off topic.
This error often happens because the writer was not clear about the purpose of the essay or did not stay focused on the purpose of the essay. Read the following essay titles. What do you think the writer's purpose is? After you have given some thought to the purpose of your essay, it is time to organize your ideas in a simple outline.
Look at the ideas in your brainstorming notes from Step 2. Do any ideas jump out at you or seem very interesting? Circle the things that seem to fit the purpose of your essay. During this step, you must choose how you are going to organize these ideas:. This can also be done in opposite order, with the most important or strongest point of development coming first and the least important at the end. You can put numbers next to the items you have chosen from your brainstorming to show where they will appear in your essay.
Group your ideas into three main categories. These will be the three points of development for your three body paragraphs. Study this example:. A student is writing an essay that classifies different types of schooling. She has written down many ideas but has not organized them in a logical order. Read her list of ideas and write them down under an appropriate category. Like this document? Why not share! Embed Size px. Start on. Show related SlideShares at end. WordPress Shortcode. Next SlideShares.
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